Stepping up to Scratch

This rotation sees the second graders transition from programming in Scratch Jr. to programming in Scratch. This is a pretty big step. Scratch introduces students to concepts like coordinate pairs, negative numbers, and variables well before they are covered in math class. This is the second year that I have finished with second grade learning Scratch, and I have not been disappointed in how well they have handled the change. In addition to the upper grade math and the need for increased vocabulary (Scratch blocks have text on them, not images, to indicate their function), there is the sheer number of blocks the students now have at their disposal. Their natural curiosity leads them to try everything. This is fine, but it can quickly lead to frustration when they discover that they do not know how to undo the effects they have created with their experimentation. Still, by and large, the students have accepted the challenge with a wonderful enthusiasm. I am excited to see what they will be ready to make next year when they will have their own accounts and are able to participate in the Scratch community.

And on something of a personal note, my wife and I will be presenting a workshop at the Scratch Conference being put on by MIT this summer. Scratch was developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab and this conference brings together educators, developers, and researchers to discuss and collaborate. Work by a number of our Sinclair Superstars will be the focus of our workshop.

The Youngest Programmers

The first post of a grading cycle usually ends up being about one of the upper grades. I'm not sure why, but it is what I have noticed after a short browse through my older posts. So for the final grading cycle of this most peculiar year, I will start with the early grades and work my way up to the 5th graders who will soon leave us for the exotic lands of middle school.

I wanted to finish up the year by introducing the kindergartners to Scratch Jr. and to start training the 1st graders to plan their digital projects before diving into the programming. Scratch Jr. a programming environment like Scratch, which the older students use, but it is suitable for pre-readers and beginning readers. It is an excellent introduction to creative coding for young learners and sets them up to begin working in the full version of Scratch (which is what the 2nd grade is doing this cycle.)

Before I do anything with kindergarten, I give them a day to explore Scratch Jr. I give them a brief introduction to the blocks (which they are familiar with from code.org) and the drawing tools and then set them free. It is awesome to see the excitement as they make discoveries and share them with each other. The unit activities start with a BrainPop Jr. movie about a particular topic. I start with parts of a plant because that is one of the topics they are working on in their classrooms this time of year. After watching the movie we make a digital anchor chart to review and to reference later. Then I guide the students through the making of a 4 flap foldable version of the anchor chart so they each have the experience of making their own plant model. The next day we start by reviewing the anchor chart and how to draw characters before I show them how to use the "when character touched" event block to make the characters do things. In the case of plant parts, I have them draw each plant part as a character and then program each one to say what it is when it is touched.

The rest of the lessons follow a similar pattern. The second topic is the seasons which I use to give them practice using the "switch background" block. They use the "when touched" block again, but add the "switch background" command so that the scene changed to the next season after the character names the current one. From there I change the topic for each class for the sake of variety and to see how the students represent different concepts digitally. I have used (or will in the coming weeks) states of matter, habitats, and weather. The students transfer their learning from Code.org to Scratch Jr. so quickly and are so excited to discover all they are able to do.

Most of the first graders have not done much with Scratch Jr. this year, so I start this unit with a pretty open ended assignment, though not a free explore like kindergarten. We watch the BrainPop Jr. movie about ancient Egypt and talk about some of the things they learned. I then give student pairs an Ipad with the instructions to make a Scratch Jr. project about ancient Egypt. The only requirement, aside from the topic, is that the characters have to say what is going on in their scene. Obviously there are a lot of pyramids, but it is interesting to see them draw hieroglyphics, people fishing in the Nile, and mummies. I leave a few minutes at the end of the class for them to share with the other groups which they always enjoy. The next day, I show how I would plan a Scratch Jr. project on paper. I draw a background and characters, then I add what the characters will say about the topic. We watch another BrainPop Jr. movie (insects, fish, rain forests, or something) and then the students go to the tables to plan a project about the topic. They have to detail the backgrounds and characters as well as what will be said by each. As they work I move around and talk to them about their plans and what code they will need. Once the plans are complete, the students begin working in Scratch Jr. to bring their plans to life. Again, sharing and collaboration is key to success. We move from there to a compare and contrast project based on animals or habitats usually which requires them to plan 2 backgrounds worth of characters and information. The final project deals with even more steps and a topic like life cycles of plants or animals. A project that complex requires them to use all of the programming skills they have developed and so far they have done some amazing work.

STEM Lab Menagerie

Here goes another post that must begin with the lament that I have fallen behind in my posting. So many amazing things have been happening in the lab. The 3rd grade learned how to use the Micro:bit and made their own Micro Pets. Second grade conducted research about different habitats and then built museum displays to share what they had learned. Meanwhile Kindergarten and 1st grade extended their programming skills with our friend Robo-Mouse. With this animal theme in mind, I've decided to consolidate these grade level units into one post and to vow, yet again, to stay on top off my writing schedule in this current grading cycle.

So let's begin at the beginning, Kindergarten and 1st grade worked with the Robo-Mouse, though they used the robot in different ways. Kinder learned to assemble the tiles to copy mazes from the task cards and then to program Robo-Mouse to navigate to the cheese at the end. As they became more proficient, they began creating their own mazes, recording these on grid paper, and recording their algorithms as well. They worked in groups that changed each day so that they could learn to work with different people and experience multiple perspectives. Teams built mazes to challenge other groups and learned a lot about debugging in the process.

Most of the first graders used Robo-Mouse last year and so only needed a short refresher lesson before they were ready to go. I started them on a series of building challenges related to their mazes. "Build a maze in which the robot must turn left 3 times to get to the cheese" and "build a maze in the shape of a letter" were just a couple of them. They also worked with the algorithm cards to plan their solutions before programming the robot. The cards are a big help when debugging programs for the long and winding mazes they like to build. Flexible groupings were an important part of the unit for 1st grade too as they created lengthy algorithms, often with multiple solutions. At the end of the unit with first grade I brought out Scratch Jr, which they had not used much in class yet this year. I challenged them to create mazes and then to write a program that guided the character through that maze. Touching the walls was not allowed, so they needed to run their code through many iteration before it worked perfectly.

On to second grade now. I started with an overview of note taking practises on Brain Pop Jr and a scavenger hunt for information on Britannica School. I am working on building them up to the point where they can choose how to share their learning at the end of a unit and part of that is helping them to become more independent learners. After learning to use these resources, teams selected a habitat and one of the animals from that habitat to be the topics of their research. They took notes in their journals and then planned what their display would look like. Then using everyone's favorite building material, cardboard, they executed their plans. As they were building, I made a point of teaching best practises for attaching pieces of cardboard to one another. (I have instituted a ban on tape in the lab, but that is a rant for another time.) Each display was accompanied by a card describing the habitat and listing facts about the animal. I was impressed by the attention to detail so many of the groups put into their projects. Another part of these sustained builds is helping students become better long term planners. I often see them hurrying to be done in a 45 minute class period which never results in the best work.

Finally, third grade was introduced to the Micro:bit. I've written about that in previous posts this year, so I won't go on about it again. I spent a lot of time this unit working on the differences between inputs and outputs. I likened it to cause and effect which they are familiar with from the ELA lessons. At first, we focused on using a particular input each day to create different outputs. They learned to use the buttons, accelerometer, and I/O pins to scroll text, create pictures, and show animations. We also got out the alligator clips and LEDs to do some physical computing which everyone found really exciting. The final project was creating a model pet with the Micro:bit adding a layer of interactivity to their builds. I was really excited to see all of the different was the different teams used the Micro:bit. On most it was the face or mouth showing the different moods of their creatures. Some learned to use the music blocks to add sounds to their animals and several used the Micro:bit to animate flapping wings and wagging tails. It was a fun unit to teach and I am really looking forward to next year when this group starts using the Raspberry Pi now that they have this grounding in physical computing.

Circuit Masters 2: In their Own Words

I meant to include these Scratch projects that some of the 4th graders made to share what they had learned during this unit.

For this first one, first click the green flag. When the Pi finishes talking, press the space bar, then the up arrow, and then the down arrow.


This one just needs you to click the green flag.



Same here, click the green flag.



One more.



This is a wrap up activity for the unit. I created a studio for the class with a project containing 4 sprites, a Pi, an LED, a resistor, and a breadboard. The directions were to remix my project to share what they had learned about the Raspberry Pi and pyhsical computing. The only limit I placed on the projects was that they were not allowed to delete the 4 provided sprites.

Circuit Masters

Last year I introduced my 5th graders to the joys and wonders of physical computing, using a computer to program the behavior of components likes LEDs and buttons. My hope then was to eventually push physical computing down to 3rd, or even 2nd, grade. This unit sees the 4th graders take the next step in their computer science learning journey.

Students started by learning to use a breadboard, LEDs, resistors, jumper wires, and batteries to build simple circuits. Electrical circuits are not new to 4th graders, having covered them in science class already. However, these particular components are. We identified each part, discussed its function, and went over the proper handling of each. Students were then guided through building a complete circuit. As always, when that first LED blazed to life, the room was filled with gasps and sqeals of delight. (That NEVER gets old for me.) With one LED in place, the teams immediately set about adding more.

Having gotten them comfortable with the breadboard and other components, I introduced the tactile button. We started with a short overview of how the button works and compared it to the switches they had used in science class when studying circuits. So far they have all done well recreating the first day's circuit with the button from the notes in their journals. They also have thrown themselves enthusiastically into the challenge of controlling multiple LEDs with a single button. We wrap up these first few days by identifying the differences between series and parallel circuits, both of which they have now built and recorded in their notes.

Using a switch or button to control the flow of electricity is a mechanical process and something of a review for 4th graders. Memories refreshed on the topic of circuits, we moved into the substance of the unit, physical computing. In the lab we are fortunate to have 10 Raspberry Pi computers. Each is equipped with 40 GPIO pins (General Purpose Input/Output) and it is these that make physical computing possible. Students began with a basic introduction to the Pi and how it like a regular PC as well as how it is different. Among the many languages available to students on the Raspberry Pi is a version of Scratch with an extension that allows for physical computing. For the first day, so that they could focus on programming, and not on juggling LEDs and resistors, we used an add-on board called Traffic HAT. It has 3 gumdrop sized LEDs and an adapter that fits neatly over 4 of the pins on the Pi and greatly reduces the time it takes students to get to blinking lights. I am so proud of how the students have been working together to debug when programs don't work as expected. The best thing to see is when one team gets the lights going in some wild pattern and calls across the room, "Woah! Look at that!". The inevitable response is a chorus of, "How did you do that?". Soon the room is full of the sounds of genuine engagement as teams call out programming tips to their friends.

Students complete the unit by learning to use the breadboard and other components with the Raspberry Pi. First they add a button to control the start of the light sequence on the Traffic HAT. This usually proves harder than most of them think it will be. Again, there is lots of cooperative debugging and problem solving. With that task accomplished, they use LEDs, resistors, and buttons and experiment with programming the components to behave in different ways. This generally becomes an exercise in making the lights blink as fast as possible in the greatest variety of patterns.

This has been a fun unit and I am looking forward to next year with this group and pushing their digital making skills to the next level.

My Favorite Project Was...

The Year of Exciting Houston Weather continued with 2 unexpected days off for ice and snow. I am kind of hoping that we are done with interesting weather for the year.

At this point, I am two and a half years into the project of creating the Sinclair STEM Lab. Over the course of that time, I have been teaching a lot of what might be termed "tool use". That is, students learn how to use technologies like Scratch, Makey Makey, Micro:bit, and Raspberry Pi by completing a series of set tasks. I have also worked on teaching a number of skills like how to follow a design process and how to use reclaimed/repurposed materials to create products. The units that have centered on these and other tools and skills have been sort of, but not very, open-ended. Students have had some creative freedom, but in the end they were all making variations on the same theme, be it a Scratch quiz, cardboard arcade game, or interactive poster. My goal however, has always been to get students to the point where, for each project, they select the tools and techniques best suited to how they want to present their learning, which brings us to the current unit in 5th grade.

This is the most open-ended project I have tried in the lab and I decided to implement it with the 5th grade first because they have the most experience using the widest variety of tools. Also, they will all have gone on to middle school next year so I can adjust the unit plan as needed and roll it out with next year's classes and it will be new to them. I began by asking them to reflect in their journals about their all time favorite school project, not just from the lab, but throughout their school careers, and to say why it is their favorite. After a few minutes I shared about my favorite project from high school microbiology. (We each received a culture of an unknown bacteria and had to use all the skills we had learned to identify our mystery germ. Thank you Mr. Rohn!) Several students then shared their reflections which included projects from every content area and ranged from kindergarten to 5th grade. As to why that particular project was their favorite, every student said that it was because it appealed to a particular interest of theirs and because they were able to make or do something that was personally relevant. 

Following that discussion, I outlined the project. Students would choose an ancient civilization from a provided list to research with a focus on the artifacts of that culture. They would then follow the design process to generate ideas for a work product that they would use to teach an invited 3rd grade class about their chosen topic. I reviewed some of the tools, skills, and technologies that they were familiar with from their time in the lab, but I made it clear that they could create whatever they wanted to so long as it served the purpose of teaching others about their research topic. Students were allowed to work independently or in teams of up to three. As students began gathering information and brainstorming presentation pieces I was bombarded by questions that all began: "Can we make a...?". I expected this as it is very much like to questions I got when the STEM lab was new and students not yet comfortable with the idea that their work product looked different from all of the others. This project represents another step towards the goal of greater creative confidence. This is the first project that I know of them completing where each product could be of an entirely different sort.

Only one of the four 5th grade classes have come through the lab at this point, so it is a small sample, but so far this unit has been a success. First, the projects by and large turned out quite well and when the groups presented their work to the visiting 3rd graders, they were genuinely excited to share what they had learned and made. Second, there is the information from the Google reflection form they completed at the end of the unit. One question asks what they would have me change about the unit and most said "nothing" with several adding that it was "good", "great", or they "really liked it". Another reflection item asked them to rate their performance from 1 to 5, with 5 as the best. I always include this to encourage them to think critically about their work. usually the bulk of each class rates their work as a 3 or 4. For this unit however, 75% of the class rated their work as a 4 or 5. As I said, it is a small sample, but I am now very interested to see if this continues, increased creative freedom leading to increased student satisfaction with their own work. 

I am so excited to see what students in the other groups create! Check out the album for this project here. I will continue to add photos throughout the unit.

Wrapping Up 2017, Looking Ahead to 2018

Happy 2018! I hope everyone is having a wonderful break. It has been great to have time to relax with friends and family, and hopefully you have been able to do the same. With all of the awesome things going on at the end of the year, my blogging fell by the wayside. Now it is time to get back on track!

During the second magnet rotation, the third grade took a bit of time to continue building their programming skills with Scratch. They were introduced to the Makey Makey input/output board. This device allows one to use conductive materials like Play Doh, paperclips, and even classmates as inputs for their programs.

Their main project however was to design, build, and present a tabletop cardboard arcade game. This project was inspired by Caine's Arcade, the wonderful story of a 9 year old boy who created his own arcade with cardboard boxes in front of his father's auto parts shop. Students worked in teams of 2 or 3 and started by brainstorming ideas for games and designs. From there they began building, testing, and improving. Many groups discovered that getting a game that has just the right amount of challenge was not as easy as they thought it would be. A great many groups learned that masking tape is not always the best choice for joining two pieces of cardboard. My personal favorite part of this project is watching students work through the design process on a personally meaningful project. each group is authentically invested in their game. That was evident at the conclusion of each unit when a first grade class (along with the administrative team) visited the lab to try the games. Students were so excited to talk about their work and have others try out their games. 

The 2nd grade classes spent this rotation working on a series of design challenges using a variety of materials. My focus for this unit was on the elements of the design cycle and on having students record their work in their journals. Each day they were assigned a particular task, build a bridge to span a distance with craft sticks, build an animal in its habitat with Legos. Some of these challenges were independent, while some involved teamwork. Some were deliberately quite advanced because I wanted to be able to teach students about the lessons of failure and the importance of perseverance. 

Kindergarten and first grade completed a unit of math stories. Each class started with a read aloud book and discussion. The books selected included "How Big is a Foot?", "Inch by Inch", "Two of Everything", and "The Greedy Triangle", just to name a few. Each book illustrates a particular math skill or concept which we discussed and connected to our classroom work. Following the reading, students worked on a project which allowed them to work with the math that played a part in the story. Students made input/output tables to show doubling, built pictures with different polygons, and measured the dimensions of birds that they drew. I personally enjoyed this unit because I love to emphasize to students the connection between math, science, and literacy.

Looking ahead to the 3rd magnet rotation starting next week (Yikes! Yay!), Kindergarten and first grade will be participating in a robotics unit. Second grade will be working on a research project, while 3rd grade will be introduced to the BBC Micro:bit board. The 4th graders will be working with electrical circuits. To start, they will use batteries and LEDs, but they will finish the unit with building programmable circuits using the Raspberry Pi computers. The fifth grade will be working on a history-based research project that will include interactive displays.

Check back in a few weeks to see how things are going. You are sure to be impressed with the amazing things the students make.